Methods, systems and program products for a distributed communications configuration

ABSTRACT

One example embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for communicating streaming data between a plurality of users participating in a real-time communications event over a packet based data network. One example method comprises steps of a source identifying a first sink corresponding to a request, the request including at least a method and method parameters, the source using a sink data repository to determine a first sink address corresponding to the first sink, and the source communicating the request to the first sink at the first sink address. Additional steps include a resource executing the method using the parameters and the resource communicating a response to the source following execution of the method.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to systems, methods and program products for communication over a data network. Example embodiments of the present invention are related to systems, methods and program products communicating streaming data over a packet based data network, including during a real time communications session over a data network such as a video conference.

BACKGROUND

Real-time communications events including audio and/or video conferencing are known on communications networks such as packet-based networks, including internet protocol (“IP”) networks. Often, these may be implemented across large networks to allow tens, hundreds, or even more individual connections to communicate with one another. Generally, a communications event application runs somewhere on the network. This application may connect users to the event, manage data flow between the users, provide some security, and perform other event management functions.

Often a client-server architecture is used, which is well known in the art. In this architecture, the server runs applications for the benefit of the client. Within a communications event, participants are clients and the event application software that manages the event resides on a server computer. Often these communications events may include use of many applications, including video, audio, security, playback, data sharing, and the like. Each of these applications may require one or more software utilities running on and managed by the server.

Unresolved needs and problems are associated with this known configuration and architecture. For example, the communications event heavily depends on the event server. Any problems with the server may cause difficulties with the event, or may even cause the event to fail. Depending on the number of participants, data streams, applications, and other like factors, the demands on an event server can be high. For very large conferences with tens or even hundreds of participants, even very powerful servers are under a heavy burden. Accordingly, it is not unusual that server problems, and in turn problems with communications events such as a videoconferences hosted on these servers, are encountered. Failure of the server may cause the event to fail.

In some applications multiple event servers may be running to interface very large numbers of participants with one another. When this occurs, the servers may need to communicate and coordinate with one another. Failure of one of many servers can cause the entire event to fail. Although if a first server fails a second server can conceivably be put into service, an interruption of service typically results while a user determines the location of the new server and connects to it. Accordingly, unresolved needs exist relating to the stability and redundancy of communications event platforms.

Also, when adding new applications or clients to an existing communications event architecture, each instance of the event server must be modified to configure that application. This can be particularly difficult for large installations where multiple event servers are present. Also, from the perspective of a communications software vendor/installer/administrator perspective, the burden associated with introducing new software applications and versions is high since every existing event server needs to be modified. Accordingly, unresolved needs exist relating to the implementation and maintenance of communications event platforms.

Many known client/server communications event architectures also do not scale well. That is, expansion in number of clients, applications, capabilities, modifications, or the like can be burdensome. Simply adding additional users to an existing server taxes that server's ability to perform. Stability issues may arise. Adding new servers is burdensome. Accordingly, unresolved needs exist relating to the scalability of communications event platforms.

Other existing problems of the prior art include configurations wherein a single software processes running on one computer provides multiple different functional services. For example, a single software instance running on one computer may provide conference bridge connection services, recorder services, attendee authentication services, and the like. If a problem is encountered with any one of these services, the entire software instance may fail thereby causing loss or interruption of the conference.

These and other problems remain unresolved.

SUMMARY

One example embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for communicating streaming data between a plurality of users over a packet based data network, and comprises steps of a source identifying a first sink corresponding to a request, where the request includes at least a method and one or more method parameters. The source uses a sink data depository to determine a first sink address corresponding to the first sink. The sink data depository comprises sink addresses for a plurality of different sinks. The source communicates the request to the first sink at the first sink address. A resource executes the method using the parameters and communicates a response to the source following execution of the method.

An additional example embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for communicating streaming data between a plurality of users participating in a real-time communications event over a packet based data network. This example method comprises the steps of each of the plurality of users identifying a first sink useful to process a request, where the request including at least a method and method parameters. Each of the users communicates their respective request to the respective first sink that has been identified by the user. Each of the first sinks performs one of the steps of: forwarding the request to a second sink, redirecting the request by communicating a redirect address to the user, and executing the method using the method parameters and communicating a response to the source; whereby each of the users communicates real time streaming data to one another over the network.

Still another example embodiment of the invention comprises a real time communications system for conducting a real-time communications sharing event between a plurality of users over a packet based data network. The system comprises a plurality of networked computers linked to one another for communication with one another, and further comprises a plurality of sources linked to the network configured to communicate requests that include a method to the network. A plurality of first nodes are distributed across one or more of the networked computers, each of the first nodes configured to receive requests, to execute the method contained in the request, and to communicate a response following execution of the method. A plurality of second nodes are distributed across one or more of the networked computers, the second nodes configured to receive requests and to forward the requests to the first nodes, wherein the plurality of first and second nodes comprises a distributed configuration for conducting a real time communications sharing event on the network in which each of a plurality of event attendees may communicate real time streaming data to each of the other event attendees.

Yet another example embodiment of the invention is directed to a computer program product for conducing a communications session on a computer network between a plurality of users who communicate real time data to one another. The program product comprises computer executable instructions stored on a computer readable medium which are useful to cause a sink located on a packet based network to process a request communicated by one of a plurality of sources connected to the network. The computer program instructions when executed cause the sink to perform the steps of receive a request from one of the plurality of sources, the request including at least a method and parameters, and determine if the request should be forwarded to another sink and if so determine a sink address to forward the request to and to forward it. The program instructions further cause the sink to determine if the request should be redirected and if so determine a redirect address for the request and communicate the redirect address to the source for redirecting the request to. The program instructions further cause the sink to execute the method using the parameters if the request should not be forwarded and should not be redirected.

One result of practice of some example methods, systems and program products of the invention is that a traditional client-server architecture takes on a distributed configuration wherein the functionality of a server is distributed over multiple computers on the network to increase stability and efficiency. Because communications between users are not dependent on a single server but instead are facilitated through any number of sinks distributed across different computers, dependency on a single server is eliminated. Server failure no longer results in high incidence of connectivity loss. Because the sinks and filters are distributed across multiple computers, interconnected with one another, and interchangeable, a high degree of redundancy is achieved. If one particular sink fails, a second sink may be communicated with as an alternative with little or no disruption to communications.

Also, the ability to launch upgrades and new features is significantly increased. Because methods, program products and systems of the invention do not depend on any central location and are in fact location independent, new and/or upgraded features may simply be put anywhere on the network. Users may access these through existing sinks and filters. These and other benefits and advantages of various embodiments of the invention will be appreciated through the detailed description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a network useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of one example video conference attendee room useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a second example video conference attendee room useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a schematic of a network useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart useful to illustrate one example embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a network useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a network useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments; and,

FIG. 8 is a schematic of a network useful to illustrate practice of some invention embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

Before describing example embodiments of the invention in detail, it will be useful to provide some definitions that are useful to describing aspects of the embodiments:

-   -   Factory—Sink or filter capable of creating other sinks or         filters.     -   Filter—an object that can function as both a sink and a source.     -   Method—an operation.     -   Request—communication including a method for execution by a         resource. A request may also include other parameters.     -   Resource—an object that can execute a method.     -   Sink—an object that can receive requests, send responses, and         can operate as a resource.     -   Source—an object that can send requests and receive responses

In some embodiments of the invention, a single object can function in different capacities depending on circumstances. For example, in some embodiments a filter combines many of the above functional definitions into a single object that performs many functions (e.g., a filter may be a sink). By way of further example, a single object may be a sink when it receives a request and responds to it, a resource when it executes a requested method, a source when it communicates a request, and a filter when it forwards a request to another sink/filter/resource. Accordingly, terminology of sink, filter, source and resource can be applied as a result of function in a particular circumstance. It may also be useful to consider particular objects in terms of their relation to a particular request. For example, an object may be a request sink for a first request, and a request filter for another.

It will also be appreciated that the terms defined above have been adopted herein for describing some example embodiments of the invention. In particular, the functional terminology of sinks, filters and resources defined above is useful in describing some example invention embodiments for clarity of understanding operation of that embodiment. It will be appreciated that these terms, however, are somewhat arbitrary and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention. Instead, these terms are intended to be given their broadest scope according to the definitions provided above in addition to the illustration of example invention embodiments provided herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand that meanings other than the above definitions may likewise apply to the objects being described, and that other terms could easily be used to convey the above definitions within the scope of the present invention. One example is that each of a source, sink, filter and resource can also be referred to as a node.

Before discussing additional aspects of example invention embodiments in detail, it will also be appreciated that the present invention may be embodied in a method, a system, and/or in a computer program product. For example, a method of the invention may be carried out by one or more users using computers or by one or more computers executing steps of the invention, and a program product of the invention may include computer executable instructions that when executed by one or more computers cause one or more computers to carry out steps of a method of the invention. Further, one or more computer(s) in combination with connected hardware such as one or more of cameras, microphones, monitors, projectors, and the like that are carrying out steps of a method of the invention and/or that are running a program product of the invention may define a system of the invention. It will therefore be understood that in describing a particular embodiment of the present invention, description of other embodiments may also be made. For example, it will be understood that when describing a method of the invention, a system and/or a program product of the invention may likewise be described, and vice-versa.

Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic of a network 10 that is useful to describe an example method of the invention. The network shown as a “cloud” 10 includes one or more interfaces 12 that link Users A-F to one another. Although the interface 12 has been illustrated as a computer, the term “interface” as used herein is intended to be broadly interpreted as comprising one or more components for linking communications between users. It may include, for example, one or more computers having a plurality of communication ports, a software component running on one or more computers that facilitate communications, a networking card(s), a modem(s), and the like. The interface 12 can be referred to in the video/audio conferencing and networking arts as a “bridge” which can be, for example, a software component running on a server or router having a plurality of ports for interconnecting the Users A-F. As used herein the term port is intended to be broadly interpreted as a physical or logical destination and/or origination point for digital communications. Examples of ports include but are not limited to, network cards, an IP address, a TCP or UDP port number, and the like. A bridge may also comprise software useful to link users that may, for example, specify particular ports for communication between those users.

The network 10 may be a digital or analog communications network, with a packet switched protocol network being one example. A particular example includes a plurality of computers electronically linked to one another and communicating data to one another in internet protocol (IP) format. The network 10 may be a physically wired network, may be a wireless network, or may be some combination of wired and wireless. The network 10 may the internet, a private network, a public network, a virtual private network, or the like. Also, the protocol between the bridge 12 and the Users A-F may be that of a server and client.

The network 10 may be useful for a number of data communication purposes. In an example application, the network 10 is useful to facilitate a real-time communications session, such as a video or audio conference, between one or more of the Users A-F. Examples of a video communications session include a videoconference wherein two or more of the Users A-F share streaming video and/or audio communications in real-time. As used herein the term “real-time” is intended to broadly refer to a condition of generally corresponding to actual time. For example, data can be real-time if it takes about one minute of data playback to describe an event that took about one minute to occur. Real-time data may be, but is not necessarily, “live” data that is generated and communicated substantially contemporaneously with minimal or no delay. As an example, delay of less than 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 or other time values may be considered real-time. In a videoconference, for example, multiple participants may be sending and receiving live real-time video and audio data to one another—each is talking to one or more of the others in real-time with delay at a suitably minimal level so that “conversations” between users over the network can take place in real time.

Communications with each of the Users A-F may be carried out on a 2-way basis from the network 10, with data sent to and received from each of the Users A-F over the communications lines 14. These may comprise physically wired connections such as copper wires, optical fiber cables, or the like; or may be wireless connections. Real-time video, audio, and other data may be communicated from each of the Users A-F to all others of the Users A-F through the bridge 12 and over the communications lines 14. A firewall 16 or other security device may isolate the Users A-F from the network 10.

Those knowledgeable in the art will appreciate that communications over the network 10 between the Users A-F may be carried out in any of a number of generally known procedures. For example, known methods of one or more of uni, multi, or broad-cast may be used. Also, the data may be streaming. In a streaming video communications session application, each user A-F may have one or more cameras, telephones and/or microphones from each of which is streamed a continuous, real-time data on a particular multicast address and port number. As used herein the term continuous data stream is intended to broadly refer to a data stream sent in substantially continuous succession, although some degree of intermittency is contemplated. For example, a packetized data stream in IP may be continuous and streaming even though there may be some delay between discrete packets. Different protocol communications may be supported by the network 10 and the users A-F, including but not limited to ITU H.320, ITU H.323, ITU H.324, SIP (session initiation protocol), RTP (real time protocol), RTSP (real time streaming protocol), RTTP (real time transport protocol), and other suitable protocol for initiating and communicating real time and streaming data. It will be appreciated that when used in this context, the term “communicated” is intended to be broadly interpreted and does not require direct communication. For example, a first user may communicate data to a second user even though the data passes through a number of intermediate nodes between origination and final destination.

Communications of the streaming data between Users A-F may be further appreciated through consideration of FIGS. 2-3 that schematically show some example configurations of the Users A-F. As shown by FIGS. 2-3, the Users A-F may be conference rooms, class rooms, or other spaces in which multiple individuals gather to participate in the video communications session with other individuals that are located at others of the Users A-F. FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate configuration in which a single individual is participating in the conference from, for example, a home office, a hotel room, or other location. Each of the Users A-F can use one or more cameras 18 that are directed at an audience A, an instructor S, or other things or people. In FIG. 3, only an audience A is present (which may be only one individual).

Many different cameras will be appropriate for practice of an example invention embodiment, with suitable examples including those available from LOGITECH Co., Fremont Calif. (e.g., Logitech QuickCam Pro 4000), the SONY EVI D100 series and/or the CANON VC series of remote pan/tilt cameras, and the like. With reference to FIG. 2, the cameras 18 at one User A-F may be trained on different people or things at that location, with an example being one camera 18 at an audience A and one camera 18 at a speaker S. The cameras may be controllable remotely, so that User A may be able to direct the direction of a camera 18 at User B, for instance. At other locations, with examples shown in FIG. 3, only one camera 18 is present.

In FIG. 2, two microphones 20 are provided—one for receiving audio from the instructor S and a second for receiving audio from the audience A. There are a wide variety of suitable microphones available for practice of embodiments of the invention, including by way of example SONY ECM microphones, POLYCOM microphones, and the like. Although not illustrated, those knowledgeable in the art will appreciate that other cameras, microphones, computers, gateways, firewalls, mixers, multi-plexers, and like devices may also be present depending on desired video communications session details and other factors.

With reference to FIG. 3, only a single camera 18 is provide and a single microphone 20 along with a laptop computer 34. This might be useful for allowing an individual to participate in a video communications session from a home office, while traveling in a hotel room or plane, or the like. The camera 18 (such as a LOGITECH QuickCam) and microphone 20 might be combined on a laptop mountable unit, for instance, and the speaker 32 (and an alternate microphone 20) might be headphones worn by the user. Suitable headphones include those available from PLANTRONICS Corp. This example configuration is particularly convenient for portable participation in video communications sessions.

In an example video communications session such as a videoconference, each of the Users A-F not only sends streaming video and audio data, but likewise receives streaming video, audio, and other data communicated from some or all of the other Users A-F. Referring once again to the schematics of FIGS. 2-3 by way of example, one or more projectors 26 may be provided to project real-time video images 28 from one or more of the other Users A-F on a screen 30.

There are a variety of suitable projectors widely commercially available, with examples including those from INFOCUS Co. such as its LP series, TOSHIBA TDP series, NEC MT series, SHARP PG series, and IBM projectors. The projectors may have specification as are appropriate for a particular application, with an example being having at least 2000 lumens and XGA resolution. Also, it will be appreciated that use of a projector to display output images may easily be replaced with use of a monitor on which output video images are viewed. For example, FIG. 3 illustrates a laptop computer 34 the monitor of which may be useful to display output video data streams 28 from others of the Users A-F. One or more speakers 32 may also be provided to play real-time audio from the other users or other sources.

Any number of video images may be provided that show video data in real-time from any number of other cameras or other sources located at the other users. For example, the user A may simultaneously display output video data streams 28 from each of the other users B-F, or may choose to display on a select subset of those streams. The display of streams may be set as desired, with different output display streams 28 located in different locations on the display 30. Further, the output video streams 28 may include charts, graphs, documents, other digital files, replayed video files, and the like. Digital documents such as charts, word processor documents, spreadsheets and the like may be input to any of the computers 34 at any of the Users A-F for display at all or some of the other Users' locations. Likewise, digital images, including stored video streams and digital documents, for instance, may be stored in a memory accessible over the network 10 for replaying during the video communications session at any or all of the Users A-F. Output video streams 28 may be manipulated as desired, with examples of manipulation including moving the images, resizing the images, and the like.

A particular example of a data file in addition to audio and video data includes shared documents having text, images, numerical values, and the like. For example, within a videoconference or virtual meeting different of the Users A-F at different locations may desire to all work on a single document. In such circumstances, continuous updates of the document should be communicated between Users, with a real-time image of the document displayed.

The one or more computers 34 at each of the Users A-F may be used to receive and send all of the video, audio, documents, digital files and other data at the standard user A. The computer 34 may be referred to as a client computer or client. A variety of computers that are currently commercially available will be suitable for use as computer 34, with examples including the Dell Precision 470 with dual processors and the HP Workstation XW6000 dual processor. In some applications a portable computer such as a laptop, cellular phone, PDA or other computer may be useful.

Additionally, the computer 34 is shown for illustration only. Other devices that include a processor capable of executing instructions may be used, although they may sometimes be referred to as a device other than a “computer.” Accordingly, the term “computer” as used herein with reference to computer 34 is intended to be broadly interpreted. Examples include, but are not limited to, media communications devices having a processor, communications devices such as processor enabled phones or personal digital assistants, processor based gaming devices, and the like.

An application program, including one or more codecs, may be running on the computer 34 to provide signal coding/decoding, compression/decompression, to coordinate receiving and sending of the data streams, and to control other aspects of sending and receiving of the data streams. For example, the computer 34 may be used to control which or how many video images 28 are displayed on the screen 30, to size the images 28, to set audio levels for the speakers 32, and the like. Each computer 34 may be running a video codec, an audio codec, other codecs, one or more application programs, and other programs. These may be combined into a single application program or may be separate from one another. The computer 34 may also have video and audio capture cards, with an example being WEBCAM Corp. 4 input video capture card.

According to the configurations of FIGS. 1-3, communications session such as a real-time video communications session such as a videoconference or other virtual meeting can occur between two or more of the Users A-F. The Users A-F may virtually “attend” an immersive and extensive virtual meeting that includes audio, video and/or other streaming data shared in real-time. Participants at each of the Users A-F may simultaneously hear and/or view data from all others of the Users A-F. Such meetings may be desirable for corporations, universities, government, and other groups of people located remotely from one another that find it useful to interact in an environment that allows a greater level of intimacy than an audio-only phone call or a single image video conference.

Applications for use of video communications sessions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, distance learning, medical consultation, industry collaboration, social interaction, government or university collaborative research, entertainment, and the like. In a distance learning application, a professor at one site (e.g., User A) may be able to take questions from students located and many additional sites (e.g., Users B-F), which can be locally located (e.g., different rooms or buildings in same campus) or very far from one another (e.g., different cities, states or countries).

In some communications sessions of the invention, each of the sites can view all of the other sites, and can hear a question from any other site (and see the questioner). In a medical consultation application, doctor specialists from around the country can participate in the diagnosis of a particular case. X-rays can be viewed by all, and each doctor at each location can discuss the case with all of the other participating doctors. In an industrial collaboration application, remotely located engineering, marketing, management, and labor teams may all discuss development of a new product. Each site may ask questions of any other site, and each site may submit documents and charts covering aspects of the project that they are responsible for.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the network 10 configured for practice of one embodiment of the invention, including a plurality of sinks and filters 50 that have been distributed over the network 10 and are operatively linked to one another and to the Users A-F, which can be considered sources. Each of the sinks and filters 50, which may also be thought of as nodes for convenience, may be located on different computers on the network 10, or two or more may be located on a single computer. It will be appreciated that the schematic of FIG. 4 (as well as other network schematics discussed herein) are simplified examples provided for use in illustrating concepts of some invention embodiments only. In practice, for instance, a single computer 34 and/or a network 10 may have dozens, hundreds, thousands or more nodes 50.

Through practice of an example embodiment of the invention, the client server architecture of the network 10 supports a distributed configuration whereby the functionality of the servers of the network has been distributed across several different network servers to result in a more stable and efficient platform for practicing real-time communications sessions such as videoconferences and other applications. In other invention embodiments, the nodes 50 may reside on a single computer. Some or each of the nodes 50 on the single computer may be independent of one another, whereby failure of one node will not cause failure of another. In such an example embodiment, advantages are achieved since the independence of each of (or at least a portion of) the nodes 50 reduces the risk of the entire system failing when any software instance (e.g., one node) encounters difficulties or crashes.

Having presented a framework in which some example embodiments of the invention can be practiced, discussion of particular example embodiments of invention can now be made. For purposes of further framing the detailed discussion of example invention embodiments that are provided below, a simplified overview of one example invention embodiment will be made with reference to FIG. 4. This example embodiment is in the art of video conferences, although it will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to this art. Other example applications of the invention include, but are not limited to, audio conferences, data sharing, network broadcasting, and the like.

Within this example, assume that User A wishes to initiate a video conference so that it may communicate streaming data with each of Users B-F. To initiate the conference, User A, which may be considered a source, first communicates a request to the network 10 to initiate the conference by setting up a conference bridge. The request may include parameters such as the number of conference attendees, whether audio will be included, and the like. The request also includes a method for execution, which may be, for example, a GET request specifying a particular conference bridge.

In the prior art, the User A may have communicated a command to a single server on the network 10 to initiate the conference. That single server would then connect User A as well as Users B-F to the conference bridge, which would likely exist on that same server. Many other applications for supporting the video conference, with an example being a recorder for recording a video data stream, may also be located on the server.

In an example method of the invention, however, the functionality of the single server of the prior art has been distributed across the network in the form of sinks, filters and resources 50. The source User A communicates its request to initiate the conference to a filter 50 on the network 10 which forwards it to an appropriate sink or filter for processing it. When the request reaches the appropriate final sink 50, it acts as a resource by executing the request. In this example, execution of the request may include launching a conference bridge somewhere on the network 10. Subsequent requests to join the conference communicated from Users B-F will be sent to a filter 50 and subsequently forwarded to the sink 50 that acts as a resource by executing the method in the request to connect the respective user to the conference bridge.

In one example embodiment of the invention, each of the sources (Users A-F) do not necessarily have to know the address for the ultimate destination sink for the requests they communicate to the network 10. Instead, this example embodiment exploits a method through which each node on the network is able to forward the request to an appropriate downstream node. The request may be identified using a hierarchical identifier, such as a uniform resource locator (URL). Each node may also use one or more data repositories, such as look-up tables, to identify where to forward the request to. Accordingly, each source (and filter along the path) does not necessarily have end destination address data, but instead has information useful to send the request farther along towards that end destination.

Assume that additional functionality is desired during the video conference, with an example being a desire to record the video stream being communicated from camera 16. To accomplish this, a source such as User A may communicate a request to the network with a method for execution (e.g., RECORD), and with parameters such as a specified data stream (e.g., CMRA_16). The request may be identified using an identifier that is, or includes, a URL. One or more nodes that receive the request can act as a filter and use a look-up table to determine where to forward the request to until it reaches its final destination sink which can act as a resource and execute the method in the request (e.g., record data stream CMRA_16).

In this manner, practice of an example video conference embodiment of the invention achieves useful benefits and advantages. For example, the applications supporting a video conference are distributed across the network thereby reducing dependence on any single server. Failure of a single server can be quickly overcome if redundant sinks (i.e., resources) have been deployed on the network. New applications for the video conference can be quickly enabled by launching new sinks (i.e., resources) on the network. Also, the ability to avoid network congestion is enhanced by the opportunity of each of the nodes to make intelligent forwarding decisions based on network latency. For example, if two or more sinks are available for executing a request, a given filter can select which sink to forward the request to based on network latency between the filter and the appropriate destination sinks. These and other benefits and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will be better understood through the detailed description of example invention embodiments that follows.

With the above simplified overview of one example invention embodiment having been made, more detailed discussion of other example invention embodiments and steps can now be made. FIG. 5, including parts 5(A)-(C), is a flowchart illustrating steps of one example invention method, program product and system embodiment. Reference to the schematics of FIGS. 6-8 will be useful in considering the steps of the method of FIG. 5. Now referencing FIG. 6 in addition to FIG. 5, assume that User A wishes to join or otherwise take some action with regard to a real time communications session such as a video conference that is taking place over the network 10 between multiple other users (other users not illustrated in FIG. 6). User A, which in this example embodiment may be considered a request source, can accomplish this by initially carrying out the steps shown in dashed line box 100 to communicate a request to a node 50 (which may be any one or more of a sink, filter or resource) on the network 10. Although the node 50 is on the network 10 in this example, in other example embodiments it may be at User A (e.g., on the local User A computer such as a computer 34 (FIGS. 2-3). The request includes an executable method and parameters useful to execute that method. The resource 50 will then process the request, which may include executing the method contained in the request using the parameters provided. In this example, User A can be considered a source since it communicates the request.

Data Tables

In discussing the example steps of FIG. 5 below, reference to several tables is made. Tables are utilized in some example embodiments of the invention by different of the nodes 50 to determine information. The term “table” as used herein is not intended to require any particular format or structure, but is instead intended to be broadly interpreted as being any correlation between at least two pieces of data stored in any suitable medium. For example, a table may be a group of first data values each correlated to one or more of a group of second values stored on a digital memory such as a magnetic or optical media.

It will further be understood that any of the locator, sink, forwarding, redirect or other tables discussed herein could be replaced with other corresponding data depositories that are useful to store data. The term “data depository” when used in this context herein is intended to be broadly interpreted as meaning a collection or storage of one or more datum. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of multiple data depositories are appropriate for use with embodiments of the invention.

Some data tables discussed herein will include address data. Sink tables discussed below, for example, include sink address data. The term “address” as used herein is intended to be broadly interpreted. An address is not intended to be limited, for example, to any particular protocol address data. Instead, the term “address” when used in this context with an object such as a software file is intended to be broadly interpreted as meaning any data or information useful to locate that object. Examples of addresses as used herein include, but are not limited to, an IP address expressed in an integer string, a URL, and a memory address.

Locator Tables

An initial step performed at the User A is translation of the request through use of a locator table. Block 102. A locator table is one example of a locator data depository that may be used in invention embodiments. The locator table may be stored in a memory of a User A computer, or in another memory. An example locator table correlates resource aliases. That is, a locator table correlates a resource alias such as “join session” to an actual resource name such as “bridge launcher 2.” In some invention embodiments, resource names are formatted as URL's for efficiency, convenience and other reasons.

A request may be almost any data structure appropriate to include a method name, resource identifier, and parameters (zero or more name-value parameters), and an optional opaque body. The resource identifier can convey a hierarchical naming scheme (which a URL does), and in some embodiments, the request further embeds transport information (e.g., IP address, pipe identifier, etc) within the identifier for convenience. In many invention embodiments the request will be related to the communications of data during a real time communications session, and execution of the method contained therein will have some effect on the communications of data during the session. For example, the request may be directed to joining or initiating a video conference. The specified method may be any operation, with an example being an executable code that when executed operates on some aspect of real time communications such as facilitating a user's joining a vide conference.

In the present example, the request includes a URL, the name of a method, and parameters useful for execution of that method. A locator table may be used to resolve an alias resource URL (or other data form) to an actual resource URL (or other data form). A simplified example locator table is:

TABLE 1 Locator Table Actual Resource URL Alias Resource URL (translated URL) \main\recorder \host1\recorder Status \host1\bridge2\status \host1\bridgelauncher \host2\bridgelauncher The above example locator table would translate the request “status” to the URL: \host1\bridge2\status. Accordingly, in some invention embodiments a locator data depository or table may be thought of as a table for translating a request from an initial name or identifier (which may be, for example, a simple functional name—“status”), to a second name or identifier that is more useful to locate a sink suitable to execute that request.

It will be appreciated that Table 1 represents a simplified example only, and that in practice Locator Tables of the invention may be significantly larger, include additional data, and may otherwise differ from the example of Table 1. Also, locator tables may be in other forms and include other data. Further, some embodiments of the invention avoid use of locator tables. Some invention embodiments, for example, avoid use of aliases and simply use the corresponding actual resource URL as the resource name.

Finally, the above example locator table and discussion included each alias resource URL translating to a single actual URL. Other embodiments of the invention, however, contemplate a plurality of translated URL's corresponding to a single given alias URL. This might be useful, for example, to resolve a “Not Found” or other error response returned for the first URL—the next translated URL of the plurality returned can be tried until one is found that works. If none work, “Not Found” may finally be returned to the invoking code.

Sink Tables

Following translation through use of the locator table, a subsequent step performed at User A computer includes using a sink data depository such as a sink table to determine where to actually send the translated request to—where the appropriate sink is. Block 104. A sink may be thought of as an object or a module that can be stored in a memory. It may include logical programming code such as an executable code or routine, and/or data. Its location may thereby be specified as a memory address. The sink data depository, with an example being a sink table, can cross reference translated requests with sinks from which corresponding resources are available. Put another way, a sink data depository is useful to determine where to direct a request based on the request's name.

In some invention embodiments in which URL's are utilized, a sink table may be used to map URL patterns to the sink objects that service those URL's. Put another way, the sink table output indicates how to go about “finding” a specified resource. A simplified example sink table is:

TABLE 2 Sink Table Translated URL Sink Memory Address \host1\recorder 0x12FFECB \host1\bridge2\status 0x1FA3AD \host2\bridgelauncher 0x0032ABC In the example sink table above, the sink memory address refers to a location in a local memory. Accordingly, in this example, sinks of Table 2 are located on the same local computer as the sources. It will be appreciated that Table 2 represents a simplified and example Sink Table only, and that in practice Sink Tables of the invention may be significantly larger, include additional data, and may otherwise differ from the simple example of Table 2.

It will also be appreciated that in many invention embodiments, including those illustrated in FIGS. 6-8, sources and sinks will also communicate with one another over a network 10 (although in other embodiments sources, sinks and filters may reside entirely on one computer). The present invention contemplates several appropriate steps for accomplishing this. In some of these invention embodiments, the sink located at the specified sink memory address can have a communication channel open with another computer over which it transmits the request. Some sinks identified in the Sink Table using a local memory address, for example, may be “special” sinks that have a communication channel open with another computer and simply communicate every request (or selected or indicated requests) received across this channel. The receiving computer linked over the network 10 will receive this request and re-issue it from a source within a program running on it. These inter-computer sinks and sources communicate with one another over the network 10. In such embodiments, the sink table may include additional information, such as an IP address.

In another example step of source-sink communication over the network 10, one or more additional tables may be used to correlate sinks/sources to IP or other network addresses. For example, another table could be used to correlate results from a locator table to an IP address for a given URL. This or other additional information could also be contained in a single Sink Table, such as Table 2 above.

In still other invention embodiments, network address information for sinks can be extracted from the Resource URL. The translated URL or other translated data obtained from the locator table, for example, can include sufficient network address data to inform a sink where on the network that translated URL should be communicated to. Further, in addition to IP addresses, other network address data can be used. Identifiers for communication channels, such as port numbers, are one example.

A result of the above steps may be that the User A communicates the request, including the translated URL, to the sink at its corresponding sink address, which may be a memory address. Block 106. With reference to FIG. 6 by way of example in addition to Table 2, the Sink Table of TABLE 2 indicates that the sink memory address to send the request containing the URL “\host1\recorder” to is the memory location specified by address 0x12FECB, which might correspond, for example, to a local sink with a channel linking to sink 50 on network 10. The request, including the translated URL, is communicated to this actual location over the communications linkage 14.

The sink 50 then receives and processes the request. FIG. 4, dashed line Block 108. As will be described below, processing the request in this example embodiment generally includes determining what (if any) actions to take with respect to the request. Depending on circumstances, the sink may act as a filter and forward the request, redirect the request, or act as a resource and execute the method in the request.

The dashed line block 108 includes example steps of processing the request. The sink first records information regarding the received request, which may include, for example, time of reception, source received from, and the like, in a source table stored in a memory. Block 110. The receiving sink then examines the received request to determine if it should forward it, redirect it, or execute the method contained therein. This is accomplished through one or a series of steps which can be carried out in any of a variety of different sequences or particular forms. The dashed line block of 108 FIG. 5 illustrates one set of example steps. The actions it takes with respect to the particular request will determine whether the object functions as a sink or a filter with respect to that request.

In some invention embodiments, each individual sink maintains its own sink data depository in the particular form of a sink table. Other invention embodiments utilize shared sink data depositories such as tables, with one example being a centralized sink table that is accessible by a plurality of different sinks which may be located across the network, for instance. In many invention embodiments, however, a distributed configuration is desirable wherein individual nodes of the configuration are to a large extent not dependant on one another or on any other centralized sink table. In these invention embodiments, a centralized sink table presents a risk of system failure should access to that table be lost. In these invention embodiments, then, having each individual sink maintain an individual sink table is desirable.

It is also noted that some invention embodiments will avoid use of the locator table and rely instead only on the sink table.

Forwarding

A first of these example steps includes the sink consulting a forwarding table to determine if the received request should be forwarded. Block 112. If so, the sink acts as what is referred to herein as a filter. In the present invention, a filter operates to forward requests to a sink. A filter may exist as a set of executable program instructions stored on a memory, either as a stand-alone set, a sub-routine that is part of a larger set of instructions, an object in an object oriented programming environment, or the like. A filter may appear to the rest of the network 10, including other sinks and sources, as being a sink or a source. That is, another sink or a source may view a filter as a sink or a source, and for practical purposes a filter is a sink and/or a source, although a sink is not necessarily a filter. The actions taken with a particular request will determine whether a sink acts as a filter or a sink.

Put another way, if a particular object can receive requests it is a sink; if it can send requests it is a source; and if it can receive and send requests it is a filter. As discussed above, it will be appreciated that the sink, source, resource and filter terminology used herein is based on functionality as much as structure. For example and as detailed above, a single software object may function as all of a sink, a filter, a source and a resource.

If the receiving sink 50 is a filter, it determines if and where it should forward the request. It can do this by first determining whether it recognizes the incoming request as one that should be forwarded. This may be accomplished by performing a step of determining if all or a portion of the URL included with the request appears in a forwarding data depository, with one example being a forwarding table (block 112) which maps URL patterns to target URL's. That is, in one invention embodiment, this is accomplished by looking for patterns or roots in the URL contained in the incoming request. The forwarding table relates these patterns or roots to a forwarding destination.

For example, if an incoming request URL is “\host1\recorder,” the forwarding table may recognize the “\host1\” pattern. If the request's URL matches a pattern in the forwarding table, the request's URL is translated to the corresponding target URL (FIG. 5(B), Block 114). A sink table (with an example being one similar to Table 2) is then consulted to determine a sink memory address of the sink associated with the translated URL. Block 116. The translated request is then forwarded by the filter to the indicated sink. Block 118.

These steps may be further illustrated as follows, while considering the schematic of FIG. 6 and flowchart of FIG. 5. A simplified example forwarding table is:

TABLE 3 Forwarding Table Incoming Request URL Pattern Destination Sink \host1\ \host2\ \host2\ \host4\ It will be appreciated that Table 3 represents a simplified and example Forwarding Table only, and that in practice Forwarding Tables of the invention may be significantly larger, include additional data, and may otherwise differ from the example of Table 3. Also, other invention embodiments may use other forwarding data depositories that are not considered tables.

Assume a request including the URL “\host1\recorder\” is received by sink 50, which then consults its forwarding table and recognizes the pattern “\host1\” as appearing in the forwarding table, and accordingly acts as a filter. Block 112. Note that each sink 50 in the network 10 may have its own unique forwarding table. In other embodiments of the invention, one or more centralized forwarding tables may be distributed on the network for access by multiple sinks 50. The sink 50 translates the incoming request URL “\host1\recorder” to “\host2\recorder\” using the forwarding table of TABLE 3 (Block 114), and consults a sink table to determine the destination sink for the translated request URL \host2\recorder\ (Block 116). Assume that the sink 52 is identified, and the translated URL is communicated to the actual address for the sink 52. Upon reception, the receiving sink 52 records information associated with receiving the request. Block 110.

Sink 52 may be a filter for this particular request. If after receiving the request sink 52 consults a forwarding table (block 112) and recognizes a pattern from the request URL as appearing in that forwarding table. After translation and reference to a sink table (Blocks 114, 116), it may identify sink 54 as the forwarding destination sink for the twice-forwarded and translated request URL. This forwarding process may continue on until an ultimate destination sink is reached, although in FIG. 6 sink 54 is illustrated as the final destination. After a final destination sink (e.g., sink 54) has been reached and the request is processed, that sink issues a response to the filter (e.g., filter/sink 52) from which the request was forwarded. The response will in turn be forwarded along until it reaches the ultimate source (e.g., through filter/sink 50 to User A).

In some invention embodiments, each individual filter maintains its own forwarding table. Other invention embodiments utilize shared forwarding tables. In many invention embodiments, however, a distributed configuration is desirable wherein individual nodes of the configuration are to a large extent not dependant on one another. In these invention embodiments, then, having each individual filter maintain an individual forwarding table is desirable.

Redirects

In addition to consulting a forwarding table to determine if it should become a filter and forward an incoming request URL, a sink likewise can consult a redirect data depository, with one example being a redirect table, to determine if it should issue a redirect for a particular incoming request URL. This is illustrated in block 122 of FIG. 5(A). In a method of the invention, a step of redirecting is in some respects similar to a step of forwarding, except that the request is returned to the source with a complete redirect destination URL for re-sending by the source to a different sink.

In many invention embodiments, steps of forwarding are used when the destination sink depends or is functionally related in some way on the forwarding filter. Example of such dependency include accessibility (destination sink is only accessible to selected forwarding filters), a function dependency or relationship between the forwarding filter and the destination sink. Examples of functional relationships include a filter that acts as a gatekeeper for a particular sink to ensure that forwarded requests are formatted correctly, include required parameters, etc. A second example is a resource relationship wherein a forwarding filter that includes a basic recorder resource forwards record requests that require more sophisticated recorder capabilities to an appropriate sink.

In some invention embodiments, when no such sink/filter functional relationship or dependency exists, the filter will not forward a request but will instead issue a redirect. This can be advantageous in some applications for efficiency of communications—the source is closer to the destination sink when avoiding forwarding filters and instead relying on redirects.

A simplified example redirect table is:

TABLE 4 Redirect Table Incoming Request Destination URL Pattern Sink \host1\ \host2\ \host2\ \host4\ As illustrated, a redirect table may have similar information to that of a forwarding table. Both tables specify new “translated” information for communicating an incoming request to its proper destination sink. One difference between the two is, again, that a forwarding table is used by a filter to forward the request to a sink closer to the ultimate resource destination, while a redirect table specifies information to be returned to the source so that the request can be re-sent to a different sink. It will be appreciated that the example forwarding table 3 and redirect table 4 presented herein are simple examples only, and that in practice forwarding and/or redirect tables may be significantly larger, include other information, and otherwise differ from these simple examples. Data depositories other than tables may likewise be utilized.

FIG. 7 in combination with FIGS. 5(A) and (C) is useful to illustrate steps of invention embodiments that include using a redirect table to redirect a request. Assume that the source User A communicates a translated request of “\host2\status” to sink 50, which has been identified in a sink table consulted by User A and located at User A. Upon reception, sink 50 consults the example redirect table of Table 4 and recognizes the “\host2\” pattern from the incoming request as appearing in the redirect table. Block 122. It accordingly translates the incoming request URL to “\host4\status” (Block 124) and communicates it back to the source User A. Block 126. The sink 50 then records information concerning its redirection actions in the source table. Block 120.

Upon reception of the “returned” message, the source recognizes this as a redirect. This may be accomplished through any of several suitable steps, including a step of marking or tagging a message as a redirect to distinguish it from standard messages. For example, one embodiment of the invention reflects the HTTP response format, wherein a status code (number) identifies a sink-to-source message as a response, redirect, or continuation. A response code may be, for example, a number in the 300-399 range. The source consults a sink table to identify sink 52 as the destination sink for this translated URL, and re-communicates the request URL to sink 52. Sink 52 then recognizes the “\host4\” pattern in its forwarding table, and forwards the request on to sink 54 which finally processes the request.

In some invention embodiments, each individual sink maintains its own redirect table. Other invention embodiments utilize shared redirect tables. In many invention embodiments, however, a distributed configuration is desirable wherein individual nodes of the configuration are essentially independent of one another (although interconnected with one another). In these invention embodiments, then, having each individual sink maintain an individual redirect table is desirable.

Resource Executes Method

If the receiving sink 50 does not recognize the received request URL in the forwarding table or the redirect table (e.g., NO responses to decision Blocks 112 and 122), then it operates as a resource and proceeds to execute the method contained in the request. Block 128. For example, the receiving sink is the resource that is subject to the received request URL and executes the method in the translated request URL. This may include, for instance, the memory location 0x12FFECB at sink 50 including a “recorder” set of program instructions that can be used to record a data stream being communicated to or from the User 1.

Those knowledgeable in the art will understand that a request may include other information and data necessary or useful to execute the method. Examples of this other information include numeric or alphanumeric data representing locations, times, logical flags, and the like. The request may also include, for example, parameters for the named method. If the method is a data stream recorder included parameters might specify, for instance, the data stream to be recorded, start and stop times, and the like.

Example steps of processing the request by executing a method are illustrated in FIG. 5(D). The sink operates as a resource and executes the method in the request. Block 130. Parameters included with the request may be used to specify what the method will be performed on. The method name in the request specifies what action to be performed (with examples being an operation to perform or an executable code) and the URL specifies “who” is to perform the action (and indirectly, where it is to be performed). Other parameters may also be provided including, for example, parameters may specifying when or if execution is to take place (based on time values and also potentially based on conditional or conditioned parameters, discussed herein below), and why execution is to take place, how execution is to take place. These parameters may also supply transport and/or identification information that is supplemental to (or replaces) the main URL. If the operation manipulates source-supplied data, this can be supplied in the message “body”, though it can also be passed as one of the other parameters.

The source table contains the memory address of the source associated with each pending request (a “pending” request is one for which a response or redirect has not been issued). Finally, the sink 50 communicates a response back to the source User A confirming execution of the method in the request. Block 132. The request is removed from the “pending” status upon receipt of the response. Block 134. (Note that another step of the invention may include specifying the subject request as “pending” upon its issuance from the source, or its reception by a sink or filter.) The response may confirm, for instance, one or more of the processing of the request, execution of the method, identification of the sink that processed it, time of execution, result of execution, and the like. The sink may consult the source table to identify the source to issue the response to.

FIG. 8 is a schematic in which the sink 50 may be the destination sink that communicates directly (no intervening filters or redirect sinks) with the source (User A). After processing the request, it communicates a response back to User A. The steps of blocks 128-136 may also be performed, however, by any of the sinks 52 or 54 in FIG. 6 (or FIG. 7) after receiving a forwarded (and/or redirected as in FIG. 7) request when they act as the ultimate destination sink that utilizes a resource to execute the method in the forwarded (or redirected) request. For example, sinks 50 and 52 of FIG. 6 act as filters to translate and forward a request to destination sink 54. Sink 54 is the appropriate resource and executes the method in the request. A response is then sent by sink 54 to filter 52. After receiving the response from sink 54, filter 52 may consult its source table (in which it stored information concerning the request upon its reception) to determine that the subject request it forwarded to sink 54 was received from filter 50, and may thereby forward the response to filter 50. Filter 50 may likewise repeat these steps of consulting its source table to determine that User A was the source for the subject request, and thereby forward the response to the source.

Some aspects of steps of invention embodiments related to forwarding and redirecting are appropriate for further discussion. For example, in one invention embodiment all sinks can redirect while only filters can forward. Whether a particular object (sink or filter) redirects or forwards reflects the dependency between the source and the sink. If an object can only forward, a broken downstream filter results in cutting off a potential forwarding path. If an object can only redirect (no forwarding), it may not be able to access any downstream sinks or filters (if for example, it faces downstream firewall or other security barriers). Also, if there is some functional relationship between a filter and a sink, a redirection may result in a loss of an opportunity to exploit its functional relationship with the sink. For example, the filter may practice steps of recording or modifying any request before it reaches the sink. Also, in some circumstances redirects are cacheable, with the result that future requests for the resource can be sent directly to the redirect target without involving the intermediate sink.

Also, in considering the flowchart of FIG. 5 and its example steps discussed above as they relate to sinks, filters, sources and resources, it will be appreciated that this is one example embodiment of the invention only. FIG. 5 and the steps discussed above have been illustrated with reference to the schematics of FIGS. 6-8 wherein a source may be considered a user such as User A, and sink/filter nodes are located on the network 10. It will be appreciated that this is only one possible configuration for practicing an embodiment of the invention and that many other configurations are possible.

For example, another example embodiment of the present invention is suitable for practice on a single computer that contains a plurality of sources, sinks, filters, and resources. That is, all of the sources, filters, sinks and resources are distributed across one computer. Advantages in stability are achieved when operating on a single computer. For example, the individual sources, sinks and filters may exist as stand alone software processes so that the loss of any single process will not cause the whole system to be lost. Also, computers are currently available with multiple processors and essentially can be operated as several computers bundled into one. Advancements in multi-processor systems are rapidly occurring with the result that single “boxes” are currently available four, eight, and more processors. This trend is expected to continue.

The distributed configuration of some invention embodiments are well suited to take advantage of these multi-processor machines. For example, an embodiment of the invention that includes multiple nodes distributed across a single computer having four processors will make efficient use of those four processors since each node operates as an individual software process. The computer will accordingly allow multiple of the nodes to execute requests, for example, substantially simultaneously using different of the four processors. This provides advantages over some prior art systems that included only a single software process (that combined the functionality of multiple of the present nodes) which will be executed using a single processor.

Some invention embodiments also include multiple nodes on each of several linked computers. A source on a first computer may communicate a first request to a sink on that first computer, but may communicate a second request to a second sink on a second computer. Also, systems may be configured wherein a plurality of computers are each provided with a single stand-alone set of operating sources, sinks and filters that may or may not interact with other sources, sinks and filters on other computers.

Also, one advantage of some invention embodiments is scalability. To some extent, distributed configuration of an embodiment of the present invention is independent of whether it is distributed across a single computer or more than one. Some embodiments of the invention “look” and operate the same regardless of whether they are distributed across only one or multiple computers. This lends itself well to scalability.

It will further be appreciated that the steps discussed above and illustrated in FIGS. 5-8 represent an example invention embodiment wherein a source communicates a request to a second node which processes it. The second node may act as a filter or sink. In many invention embodiments, this process may be repeated over and over again. That is, between an originating source and a final destination more than one filter may be utilized, as well as one or more redirecting sinks. Often a large number of filters, with examples being five or more, ten or more, or greater numbers will be utilized between an originating source and a final destination sink/resource. Indeed, a benefit of some invention embodiments is the scalability of the distributed configuration. For example, the steps of dashed line box 108 may be repeated multiple times before a final destination sink is reached and the method executed. This scalability allows invention embodiments to be deployed on a very large scale where virtually any number of nodes is possible.

Sink/Filter/Resource Functionality

Still another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods, systems and program products configured to provide sinks, filters and resources with the functionality discussed herein above. An example of such an invention embodiment, for example, is directed to methods, systems and program products to be practiced by a sink in receiving a request, with an example being a method for a sink such as sink 50 receiving a request from User A illustrated by FIGS. 6-8. Example steps of one such embodiment of the invention are illustrated by the flowchart of FIG. 5 through the steps of block 108 and FIGS. 5(B0, (C), and (D). These steps may include the sink functioning as one or more of a resource (e.g., execute method), filter (e.g., forwarding), and/or a redirecting sink.

By way of additional illustration, simple example computer program code is provided with comments. This example code is also useful to illustrate how a single set of code instructions may comprise a sink, filter, and resource. This code may be stored, for example, at a memory location specified in a sink table. The example code, including comments, is:

-   -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   Comment: section below receives the “request”:     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++     -   function ReceiveRequest(request)     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   Comment: section below checks “Forward Table” to determine             if code should operate as a filter and forward request:     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++     -   if LookupInForwardTable(request)         -   Forward(request)     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   Comment: section below checks “Redicrect Table” to determine             if code redirect request to another sink:     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   else if LookupInRedirectTable(request)             -   Redirect(request)     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   Comment: if not in “forward” or “redirect” tables, section             below operates as a resource and executes the method—either             “Play” or “Record”, if method is not one of these return             “not supported” message:     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   else             -   if (request.method=“PLAY”)                 -   connection=connect(request.parameters.roomname)                 -   file=open(request.parameters.filename)                 -   data=read(file)                 -    write(data, connection)                 -    Respond(“Successfully started playing”)                 -   else if (request.method==“RECORD”)                 -    connection=connect(request.parameters.roomname)                 -    file=open(request.parameters.filename)                 -    data=read(connection)                 -    write(data, file)                 -    Respond(“Successfully started recording”)                 -   else                 -    Respond(“Method not supported”)+     -   ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++         -   Table 5: Example Computer Code

Method, program product and system embodiments of the invention discussed herein above have included steps of referencing tables—locator tables, sink tables, forwarding table, and redirect tables, in relation to sink/filter/resource functionality. These steps have included, for instance, making a decision based on whether information was found in a particular table. A request is forwarded, for example, if it or a portion of it appears in a forwarding table. FIG. 5, Block 112. It will be appreciated that these are steps from one example embodiment of the invention only, and that other invention embodiments may not rely on formal tables to convey the information included in redirect, sink, locator and forwarding tables, but may utilize other logic, data sources, and the like.

Some invention embodiments, for example, eliminate use of one or more of the data depositories with examples being one or more of the tables discussed above. What some invention embodiments fundamentally have in common is that sinks, filters and resources process requests. The manner in which they do so, however, can be different some invention embodiments utilize tables in steps of processing a request while others do not.

By way of particular example, some invention embodiments make decisions of whether to forward or redirect a method not based on whether information appears in a forwarding table, but instead on whether it can execute the method contained in the request. If it cannot, an error message may result and it may forward or redirect the request to a second sink(s). The second sink may be identified through criteria other than appearance in a forwarding or redirect table, however. For example, the first sink may simply randomly choose second sinks until one is located that executes the method. Or, it may always redirect to particular sinks.

Use of tables, however, has been discovered to be useful in many invention embodiments and has accordingly been discussed herein in detail. Such discussion, however, should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention. Those knowledgeable in the art will appreciate that many equivalents are possible within the scope of the invention.

In some embodiments of the invention, nodes including sinks, filters and sources may also be configured to receive requests at particular locations. These locations include, for example, ports and sockets, and may be referred to herein for convenience as a connector. Some invention embodiments include node connectors that may be configured as desired, with an example being that a sink or filter may be set to receive communications over a particular port or socket. This can be advantageous, for example, to provide nodes that are interoperable with communications of a particular protocol that is port specific. A single node may also be configured to receive requests over multiple different connectors.

Discussion is made below of some additional aspects of some example invention embodiments to provide a detailed description of practice and benefits achieved through example invention embodiments and steps.

Resources

As discussed herein above, embodiments of the present invention are believed to be of particular utility when used with real-time communications sessions wherein multiple users communicate real-time streaming data to one another. Example of such applications include video conferences in which multiple users, with examples being 2, 10, dozens, hundreds or more users simultaneously communicate streaming video, audio and other data to one another. In such applications, the stability and efficiency of an example embodiment of the invention is believed to offer valuable advantages over some systems of the prior art.

In order to further describe these particular applications of the invention, some resources useful in these applications will be described. These include:

-   -   Bridges—bridge resources provide the connection between users         during a communication session. Bridges may specify particular         ports or other interface locations on a network where users         direct communication to for sharing.     -   Recorder—a recorder resource is used to record one or more         specified data streams. Participants in a video conference, for         example, may wish to record particular portions for replay at a         later time. They can accomplish this by communicating a request         for a recorder to record one or more specified data streams,         with the request including parameters that include the identity         of the data streams to record (e.g., RECORD (camera feed 117,         audio feed 117). Other parameters might include a start and end         time.     -   Presence—a presence resource is useful to report status of a         particular user, and may also be referred to as a “status”         resource. This might be used, for instance, if a conference         attendee desires to know if another conference attendee remains         on-line. Another example application for a status resource is         when an attendee in a first conference desires to know which         attendees are currently in a second conference.     -   Gateway—a gateway resource functions as a translator and is         useful to provide interface between systems of the invention and         legacy or other systems that operate using a different protocol,         format or configuration. One example gateway useful in many         video conference embodiments of the invention is an H.323         Gateway useful to translate between H.323 protocols and         internally used videoconferencing protocol(s). An H.323 gateway         resource can be used, for example, to interface a         videoconference with VoIP phone users or others communicating         using the H.323 protocol. A second example gateway useful in         many videoconference and other invention embodiments is a SIP         gateway for interfacing with those using the SIP protocol.     -   Authentication—An authentication resource, which may be referred         to as an authenticator, can provide security functionality. An         authenticator can be, for example, a filter that enforces some         set of rules for blocking/forwarding requests based on whether         the originating user is authorized to use the local system. This         filter may perform actual authentication, which involves         requesting a username/password and validating it against some         preconfigured list of valid usernames/passwords. In addition to         originating user, the forwarding rules may also depend on the         method being executed and the destination URL. For example, some         users may only be allowed to perform certain methods on certain         resources (e.g., User A not allowed to record video streams,         User B not allowed to adjust volume on audio streams coming from         User C, etc.). Instead of, or in addition to, usernames,         forwarding rules may also depend on the originating IP address,         digital certificates presented by users, or other suitable         indicators of identity.     -   RTSP Sink—This is a sink that responds to RTSP protocol requests         in order to allow the source to open/close firewall ports         through devices that support automatically opening/closing ports         in response to RTSP communication. Use of this resource often         depends on the protocol being used to communicate between         sources/sinks can be made to appear as valid RTSP traffic.     -   HTTP Sink—This sink acts like a traditional http server, serving         documents to sources. Since these can communicate directly with         standard web browsers, they may be useful for debugging and         configuration, for example. Use of this resource often requires         that the protocol used to communicate between sources/sinks can         be made to appear as valid HTTP traffic.     -   XML Sink—This is similar to an HTTP sink, but provides special         processing of methods that allow efficient         storage/retrieval/communication of named parameters via XML data         structures.     -   Request Queue—If a sink receives a request but cannot process it         immediately by executing a contained method (if, for example,         not enough computing resources are currently available) but may         be able to process it later, it has been discovered that an         elegant configuration for accomplishing this includes steps of         issuing a response whose status code indicates this situation.         If it is desired that a server keep retrying until processing         succeeds, distribution of one or more Request Queue filters to         do so may be desirable over implementing this functionality in         every individual sink or source.     -   Database Sink—This is a sink that supports standard database         methods, such as those defined by the SQL and similar standards         and protocols. A database sink can be useful, for example, to         support more sophisticated steps of sharing and retrieving data         from SQL protocol databases.     -   Interface—this is a filter that only forwards and redirects         requests (no ability to execute methods). An interface resource         can be useful, for example, to provide a single IP address by         which to access the rest of the grid. It has been discovered         that this can be useful for network administration and related         purposes.     -   Tracer—this is a filter that only forwards requests and records         the communication in a log file. Tracer resources are useful,         for example, for debugging if inserted between a source and a         sink in order to “trace” or record their communication. Tracers         may record information including, for example, time(s) that a         request passes it, source information, destination sink         information, and the like.

Those knowledgeable in the art will appreciate that many other resources are possible and will be useful in practice of video conference and other applications of the invention. Discussion of these is not necessary herein and is avoided for sake of brevity. It will be understood, however, that virtually any functionality of a video conference can be incorporated as a resource in an embodiment of the invention, with particular examples including resources directed to compression or other processing of video or audio data, camera and microphone control, security, and the like. Those knowledgeable in the art further understand that video conferences and other real-time data sharing events are only example embodiments of the present invention and that many other applications will realize benefits and value from practice of the present invention.

It will be appreciated that one of the advantages of some methods, systems and program products of the invention is the ability to provide enhanced functionality by the relative ease of deployment of one or more resources on a network for use. By way of example, if it is desired to add H.323 functionality to an existing video conference system of the invention, a single (or several versions of) an H.323 gateway can be deployed onto the network for access by sources. No modification of user site (e.g., sources) or other existing software (e.g., other sinks, filters, resources) is required. Also, deployment of the gateways can be made with relatively little or no disruption of the existing system or operations.

It will also be appreciated that systems, methods and program products of the invention may include steps of launching two or more identical resources to achieve redundancy. If two or more identical resources are running, loss of one will presumably not cause loss of its functionality since the second resource can be called on. Multiple identical resources may also increase efficiency in large applications where there may be simultaneous demands for a particular resource. Also, in other embodiments of the invention where only a single version of a resource is deployed, the system remains robust since if for some reason that resource goes down all that is lost is the functionality of that resource as opposed to the entire system. The lost resource can be restarted (either manually or through a monitoring application that automatically detect the error and restart the resource). Often this can be accomplished with little or no interruption to a videoconferencing session or other communications session that is utilizing the invention embodiment.

Cancellations

Some invention embodiments further include steps of the source or client communicating a cancellation to the resource. The cancellation indicates to the resource that the source no longer desires that the method be executed. After receiving the cancellation, the resource cancels execution of the method. A cancellation might be sent, for instance, if the execution of a method has been delayed to an extent such that execution is no longer relevant, if another resource has been located to execute the method, or the like. If execution of the method was time dependent, for instance, and the critical time for executing the method has passed, the source may communicate a cancellation advising the resource that execution is no longer necessary. Cancellations may be communicated using steps consistent with communication of requests discussed herein above, including using sink tables, forwarding through filters, and the like.

By way of further example with reference made to FIG. 7, assume that User A communicated a request to sink 50 of START RECORDER(VIDEO_STRM12). After User A fails to receive a confirmation that the method has been executed for 5 or more seconds, User A may identify sink 52 that also has a recorder resource, and communicate a cancellation request to the sink 50. The parameters of the cancellation communicated to sink 50 may identify the original record request. Upon receiving the cancellation, the sink 50 acts as a resource and executes it through canceling execution of the previously received record request.

Continuations

As discussed above, in some embodiments of the invention, when a method is successfully executed by a resource, a response is communicated to the resource. Some invention embodiments include additional steps of reporting. For example, some invention embodiments include steps of reporting status to a source when there is some delay in executing a method or under other circumstances. If, for example, execution of a particular method may be delayed for a few seconds, minutes or other period of time, a “continuation” may be communicated to the source advising it that execution has been delayed. A continuation may be thought of as a status report. The continuation may include information, such as a time stamp, the name of the method to be executed, a code number corresponding to an entry in a delay table, status table or other information source, and the like.

Upon experiencing a delay, a continuation may be sent at regular intervals and/or upon passage of some initial threshold. For example, if a specified time period, with 1 or 2.5 seconds being examples, passes and the method has not been executed, a step of communicating a continuation may be performed. Further continuations may be sent every 5 seconds thereafter until the method is executed and a response is communicated. An initial time threshold and intervals for communicating responses may be set as desired, with examples including every 0.5 sec, every 1 sec, every 2.5 sec, and every 4 sec. Continuations may be communicated from the resource executing the method or from another object, such as a filter or sink whose function is to monitor execution progress.

Conditioned/Conditional Request/Notification

The concept of so-called conditional requests is generally known. For example, a client may issue a “GET” request on some status information on a conditional basis. Under such a circumstance, the client will receive the status information if some condition is satisfied. For example, a client may issue a conditional GET STATUS request on the condition that the STATUS information has changed since it was last retrieved. This can be thought of logically as being on the basis of an “if”, and in fact can be accomplished in some protocols by using an “if” command in a header.

Once again referring to hypothetical computer code by way of illustrating an example, the command: “GET STATUS(007) IF MODIFIED SINCE(TIME1)” would result in data corresponding to the status of (007) being returned only if that data had been modified since (time 1). A more detailed code example of a conditional GET request is:

GET

-   -   HTTP://IG.INSORS.COM/USERS/ACHAPWESKE/STATUS.X ML HTTP/1.1         IF-MODIFIED-SINCE: SAT, 29 OCT 1994 19:43:31 GMT         If STATUS.XML has been modified since the specified date/time         (SAT, 29 OCT 1994 19:43:31 GMT), the response would be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

CONTENT-LENGTH: 41

<ONLINEOROFFLINE>ONLINE</ONLINEOROFFLINE>

If, on the other hand, that resource has NOT been modified since the specified date/time, the response would be:

HTTP/1.1 304 NOT MODIFIED

Embodiments of the present invention, however, introduce a previously unknown step of performing a “conditioned” request. A conditioned request, as used in the present disclosure, may be broadly thought of as a logical “when” as opposed to an “if.” That is, a conditioned request asks for information not on satisfaction of an “if” condition, but instead upon satisfaction of a “when” condition. Again referring to hypothetical computer code by way of illustrating an example, the conditioned command: “GET STATUS(007) WHEN MODIFIED” would result data corresponding to the status of (007) being returned only when that data is modified. The above example detailed code example of a conditional request can be altered through a step of an invention embodiment to be re-expressed as a conditioned request as follows:

GET

-   -   HTTP://IG.INSORS.COM/USERS/ACHAPWESKE/STATUS.X ML HTTP/1.1         WHEN-MODIFIED         In this case, when (not “if”) STATUS.XML is modified the         response would be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

CONTENT-LENGTH: 41

<ONLINEOROFFLINE>ONLINE</ONLINEOROFFLINE>

As illustrated through these examples, steps of a conditioned request have advantages over a conditional request in some applications including only being required to be communicated once to “wait” for a change, as opposed to being communicated multiple times to “look” for a change.

Conditioned requests have been discovered to have significant benefit and utility in some real-time communications session embodiments of the present invention, with a particular example being a multi-user video conference. When practicing a method of the invention using traditional client-server architecture, clients generally cannot communicate directly with one another to obtain certain information. Although direct communication can potentially be made between clients, such communications tend to be complicated. Typical client-server architecture relies on clients requesting that actions be performed by a server, and one client requesting information directly from another client(s) (i.e., requesting another client to take an action) conflicts with this general architecture. Instead, in typical client-server architecture applications, clients generally rely on indirect communication with other clients through a server. A first client requests the server to report some information about a second client, such as status. This can complicate and slow notifications, however.

For example, one user may desire to know when a second user joins or leaves a data communications session such as a videoconference. This can be difficult when operating within a traditional client-server architecture. In such circumstances, a first client might be required to continually send a request to a server, with an example being: “GET STATUS(USER2).” Some efficiency might be achieved by using a conditional request: “GET STATUS(USER2) IF CHANGED SINCE (TIME1)” to reduce the reported STATUS data (which in one video conference application can be thought of as availability status—is User2 available to participate in a video conference?). Under either alternative, however, requests have to be continually sent to monitor the status of user2. This situation of repeated or even continuous polling consumes bandwidth and requires frequent actions on the part of the client and server (or source and sink).

Some methods, systems and program products of the invention, however, provide improvement through conditioned requests in a client-server architecture. For example, a conditioned request may be used to request a notification in a real-time communications session. The above illustrated commands of the prior art, for instance, can be replaced with the conditioned request: “GET STATUS(USER2) WHEN CHANGED.” A conditioned request of the invention need only be sent once, and a responsive report of status of user2 will only be made when (i.e., not “if”) that status changes. A conditioned request may include one or more parameters that define the “condition” to be satisfied before the method is executed, with an example being the condition that STATUS(USER2) (e.g., availability status) must change before the GET method is executed in the above example conditioned request.

Particular examples of conditioned requests that may be practiced in invention embodiments include conditioned notifications, status requests and the like. One particular example of a conditioned request in a method, system and program product of the invention is a conditioned status request communicated by one user to a sink concerning a second user. Referring to FIG. 4 by way of illustration, user A may communicate a request including the conditioned availability status request to “GET STATUS (USER_B) WHEN CHANGED” to a sink on the network 10. The sink may be identified through steps as discussed above, including the use of a locator table, a sink table, one or more filters, and the like. Upon reception by the corresponding resource, the method is executed with the result that the status of “USER_B” is communicated back to the source (User A) when that status changes.

Conditioned requests are applicable to other requests in addition to GET requests illustrated above. Also, conditioned requests may be based on conditions other than a time parameter as was illustrated in the above examples. One example is comparison of an identifier that indicates the version of a resource. For example, a “does not equal,” “when-none-match” or similar logical operator can be used in a conditioned request with a header parameter. The result of use of such an operator is to compare the values specified. When the compared values don't match the condition is satisfied.

One such conditioned request example useful in invention embodiments compares version numbers of resources between the most recent known to a source and the most recent known to or available from a sink. If the version numbers don't match, a modified version is available. For example, a GET response can return a “tag” header from a resource that specifies an ID that uniquely identifies the current version of that resource (e.g., “Tag: ABCXYZ123”). When the resource is modified, its tag changes. A GET response can also include the tag(s) of the version(s) of the resource currently known to the source (e.g., GET Tag(Recorder_(—)3) when TAG Does_Not_Equal:ABCXYZ123). When the tag of the resource at the sink or on the server differs from those currently known (e.g., “when-none-match” or “not-equal-to”), a response is issued.

This operates similar to the above illustrated “When-Modified-Since” operator, except an opaque identifier condition is relied on instead of a time value. This can be advantageous in some situations, with one example being when a resource is modified within one second of an issued response—if the timestamp's resolution is 1 second, there is an opportunity to miss a modification or get an extraneous copy if relying on a “when-modified-since” condition.

It will be appreciated that in addition to the distributed configuration of sinks, sources and filters illustrated above, conditioned requests are also useful in traditional client-server configurations, including in real-time streaming data communications events such as video-conferences.

Discovery

Like many other applications, real time communications sessions such as multi-user video and audio conferences generally require some means of resource discovery. A particular user or other entity may need to determine what resources are available to it. Some systems of the prior art utilize what is known as a registry. Each resource registers with a central memory or registry, which can then be queried by a user to determine what resources are available. In many video conference methods and systems of the prior art, for example, every conference server may register each of its applications with a registry. Such methods and systems, however, have limitations which can be detrimental in some circumstances.

For example, the registry may not be current. Some applications may have gone offline or otherwise lost availability without notifying the registry. Other resources may have come on-line and not yet been registered. Further, the central registry may become inaccessible or be compromised, with the result that all queries of it will fail or return erroneous information. Other problems exist.

Embodiments of the present invention address these shortcomings through novel discovery steps. In one invention embodiment, discovery may be carried out through use of a “list” request or method communicated by a user or source. The list request is sent to one or more sinks, which respond by identifying every resource known to it. For example, a source may consult a sink table and communicate a request including the list method to each sink identified in the sink table. Receiving sinks may execute the list method by identifying each resource currently known to it. Each of the sinks may communicate this data back to the source. These steps may also include use of filters, forwarding tables, and other steps as discussed herein above with reference to communication between sources and sinks.

The result of these steps are that through use of a “list” request or method sources are able to compile an accurate and current resource map of the network that identifies every currently available resource. Sources may send out list requests or methods at some selected interval to regularly update their resource map of the network. Steps of the invention methods may also include communicating a list method or request at other times. For example, a list method may be communicated at the start of a communications session such as a video conference, when a user joins a communications session such as a video conference, when a user is having difficulty finding a particular resource, and the like. Sources may also communicate conditioned or conditional list requests.

Although these steps allow methods, systems and program product of the invention to avoid registries, embodiments of the present invention also contemplate use of registries. This may be useful, for example, to make program products of the invention compatible with legacy systems and architectures that rely on registries. Methods of the invention may include steps of, for instance, registering resources with a registry so that systems and program products of the invention may interoperate with legacy systems.

In many invention embodiments, LIST requests are communicated just as any other request (e.g., use of locator and sink tables as discussed above). Many times a LIST request is intended to provide information concerning a specific set of resources rooted at some specific URL. In these instances, the LIST request is communicated to that root URL using the usual mechanism involving locator and sink tables discussed above. The receiving sink then reports all resources sinks/known to it, which are all related to the root URL of interest. In these circumstances, it is useful to use a locator table because the resource “aliases” it conveys may be just as important as the “actual” URLs of the resources themselves. It may be useful to not know whether a URL refers to an actual resource or is just an alias to another URL. In some other applications, the alias may not be important and the locator table can be bypassed and instead consult only the sink table.

Orchestration

As discussed above, some methods, systems and program products of the invention may result in networks adopting a distributed configuration for conducting a real-time communications session such as an audio or video conference. Once so configured, the network includes a plurality of sinks/resources distributed across it that are accessible to the sources for executing methods.

Some methods, program products, and systems of the invention further include steps of orchestration of multiple resources. As used herein, the term “orchestration” is intended to be broadly interpreted as coordinating. Orchestration may include, for example, effectively creating a composite resource by combining operation of multiple individual resources.

Example steps of orchestration may include a source communicating a request that includes a method that can be executed using multiple resources. When a destination sink receives the request, it recognizes the methods as calling for orchestration, and uses locator tables, sink tables and the like to identify other required resources. It then communicates requests to these resources, which may include use of filters and the like. The method may then be executed using the plurality of orchestrated resources all at one time, or through a series of executions using different of the resources in sequence, or through other particular steps.

Steps of orchestration through a sequential operation may be useful to address some problems of the prior art related to known methods of orchestration. For example, in one known method of orchestration a system can be put into an unknown state upon a failure in one component of an orchestration process. In some prior art orchestration schemes, an orchestrator X may requests servers A, B, and C to perform an action. If servers A and B succeed but server C fails, the action as a whole has failed, yet the system is left modified (through the actions of A and B).

One embodiment of the present invention addresses this by using filters for orchestration. As opposed to issuing requests to A, B, and C, one embodiment of the present invention includes steps of an orchestrator (e.g., a source) practicing sequential orchestration. The orchestrator forwards a request to sink A, which recognizes the request as requiring orchestration and additional resources B and C. Sink A acts as a filter and forwards the request to sink B, which in turn acts as a filter and forwards the request to sink C. After receiving the request, each sink/filter verifies that it is capable of successfully performing the action required before it forwards the request. In other steps, the sink/filter actually executes the method in the request, but prevents the effects of the execution from taking place. Once the filter receives a success response from its downstream orchestration partners, it applies the effects of the action.

Those knowledgeable in the art will appreciate that withholding effects of execution can be practiced through a variety of steps as are known. Referring to operations that modify a data structure by way of example, instead of directly modifying individual pieces of the data structure as instructions were executed, a copy of the data structure could be made and individual portions of the copy sequentially modified. Only when all of these modifications have been successfully made is the actual data structure overwritten with the temporary copy.

Embodiments of the present invention include individual sinks performing on some specific, limited task in a request. If it is desired for a server to perform a relatively complicated task, it can be divided into a series of sub-tasks that are then executed through orchestration. For example, assume that a system of the invention includes a Bridge Factory that creates bridges, and an Xml Sink that maintains a list of created bridges in an easy-to-manipulate XML data structure. A request to launch a bridge and enter its existence into the XML data structure might include orchestration to ensure that requests that result in successful bridge creation/destruction also result in the appropriate data manipulation requests to the Xml Sink. Perhaps the Xml Sink is a filter that modifies its data structure when it sees a request that is known to result in bridge creation/destruction, and it applies such changes when it sees a “success” response from the Bridge Factory. In another case, orchestration may occur by a filter that receives a bridge creation request, forwards it to the Bridge Factory, and issues a data modification request to the Xml Sink.

Accordingly, the present invention provides numerous benefits and advantages over the prior art. A distributed configuration is achieved that offers benefits related to stability, ease of implementation, efficiency and others over systems of the prior art. These benefits and advantages may be achieved whether the nodes are distributed across a single computer or they are distributed across a plurality of computers networked together. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the example embodiments described and discussed herein have been selected as being representative only, and that the invention is not limited to these examples. For instance, although example invention embodiments have been illustrated that utilize particular protocols, other similar protocols may also be used within the scope of the invention.

By way of additional example, although data sharing event invention embodiments have been illustrated with particular numbers of meeting attendees and data streams, it will be appreciated that the method of the invention may be practiced on any practical scale. Invention methods and program products may be practiced, for example, with virtual meetings that include ten or more, dozens, hundreds, or more conference rooms and/or attendees, and with real time data streams that outnumber those illustrated herein. Applications in addition to audio and videoconferences are contemplated. Also, it will be appreciated that although example method and program products have been illustrated in particular sequences of steps, the sequence is not necessary to the invention and could easily be altered. Computer program embodiments of the invention are also not limited to a single computer, but may be practiced by a plurality of computers. 

1. A method for communicating streaming data between a plurality of users participating in a real-time communications event over a packet based data network, the method comprising the steps of: a first of the plurality of users using a locator table that resolves request aliases to identify a first sink useful to process a first request, a second of the plurality of users using said locator table to identify said first sink useful to process a second request, a third of the plurality of users using said locator table to identify said first sink useful to process a third request, each of said first, second and third requests including at least a method and one or more method parameters; said first, second and third users using one or more sink tables that are different from the locator table to determine an address corresponding to said first sink and communicating said first, second and third requests to said first sink; said first sink performing the steps of: using a forwarding data depository to identify a second sink useful to execute said first request and forwarding said first request to said second sink; using a redirect data depository to redirect said second request by communicating a redirect address obtained from said redirect data depository to said second user; executing said third request by executing said method using said one or more method parameters from said third request and communicating a response to said third user; whereby each of said users utilizes said first sink to communicate real time audio or video data to one another over the network while participating in the real time communications event, and wherein said first sink executes a communicated request when said first sink is capable of executing said communicated request, forwards said communicated request when said first sink is not capable of executing said communicated request and information regarding said communicated request is stored in said forwarding table, and uses said redirect data depository when said first sink is not capable of executing said communicated request and information regarding said communicated request is not stored in said forwarding table.
 2. A method as defined by claim 1 wherein said first request comprises an alias URL, and wherein said locator table resolves said alias URL to an actual resource URL, and wherein said one or more sink tables correlate said actual resource URL to a memory address.
 3. A method as defined by claim 1 wherein said first request comprises an alias URL, and wherein said locator table resolves said alias URL to a plurality of different actual resource URL's, and wherein the first of the plurality of users communicates said first request to a second of said plurality of different resource URL's following an error response after communicating the resource to a first of said plurality of resource URL's.
 4. A method as defined by claim 1, wherein: said third request comprises instructions to record at least one video data stream being communicated during the real-time communications event and includes parameters identifying the at least one data stream, and wherein executing said method of said third request causes said first sink to operate as a recorder and to record the at least one data stream identified by the parameters.
 5. A method for communicating streaming data between a plurality of users participating in a video conference over a packet based data network, the method comprising the steps of: a first of the plurality of users using a locator data depository that resolves request aliases to identify a first sink useful to process a first request, a second of the plurality of users using said locator data depository to identify said first sink useful to process a second request, a third of the plurality of users using said locator data depository to identify said first sink useful to process a third request, each of said first, second and third requests including at least a method and one or more method parameters; said first, second and third users using one or more sink tables that are different from the locator data depository to determine an address corresponding to said first sink and communicating said first, second and third requests to said first sink; said first sink performing the steps of: acting as a filter to forward said first communicated request by recognizing only a portion of a request identifier as corresponding to an entry in a forwarding table that it maintains and using that entry to determine a second sink to communicate said first request to and forwarding said first communicated request to said second sink; using a redirect data depository that it maintains to determine a redirect address for said second communicated request and communicating said redirect address to said second user communicating said second request; acting as a resource by executing said third communicated request by executing said method using said one or more method parameters from said third request and communicating a response to said third user communicating said third request; a fourth of the plurality of users using a second locator data depository to resolve an alias resource corresponding to a fourth request, said second locator data depository identifying at least a third and a fourth sink either of which are useful to process said fourth request, the fourth user communicating said fourth request to said fourth sink following receiving an error message after communicating said fourth request to said third sink; wherein said first, second, third and fourth sinks partially define a distributed configuration of sinks spread across the network that are used by the first, second, third and fourth users to communicate streaming audio and video data to one another during the videoconference; and wherein said first sink acts as a resource when said first sink is capable of executing said communicated request, acts as a filter when said first sink is not capable of executing said communicated request and information regarding said communicated request is stored in said forwarding table, and uses said redirect data depository when said first sink is not capable of executing said communicated request and information regarding said communicated request is not stored in said forwarding table.
 6. A method as defined by claim 5 wherein said communicated request includes a uniform resource locator.
 7. A method as defined by claim 5 wherein the method further includes the steps of: said first of the plurality of users using said locator table to determine another sink corresponding to another request, said another request including at least a second method and second method parameters; said first of the plurality of users using said sink table to determine a sink address corresponding to said another sink; said first of the plurality of users communicating said another request to said another sink; and, said another sink acting as a second resource executing said second method and communicating a response to said first of the plurality of users.
 8. A method as defined by claim 5 wherein said sink table correlates results from said locator data depository to an IP address for a sink.
 9. A method as defined by claim 5 and further comprising said first of the plurality of users communicating a plurality of additional requests to a plurality of additional sinks over the data network, each of said additional sinks maintaining a locally stored individual sink data depository, a locally stored individual forwarding data depository, and a locally stored individual redirect data depository, said plurality of sinks thereby defining a distributed configuration for communicating real time communications data that avoids reliance on any centralized data depositories for forwarding or redirect data; and, each of said plurality of additional sinks configured to forward, execute and redirect requests depending on the request.
 10. A method as defined by claim 5, wherein said plurality of users is a first plurality of users, said request is communicated between said first of the plurality of users and said first sink using a first protocol that is not Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and wherein said first sink is a gateway providing an interface facilitating communication between said first plurality of users communicating said request using said first protocol and a second plurality of users communicating requests using a second protocol different from said first protocol, said second protocol being SIP. 